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INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF

CancerGenetics

• EV-Mediated Immune Modulation in Tumor Microenvironment

• Kimia Sadat Nazemi,¹ Anita Safaian ,² Saba Safdarpour,^3,*
  1. Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, TeMS.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  2. Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, TeMS.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  3. Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, TeMS.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  
  
  
• Introduction: The tumor microenvironment (TME) is responsible for the area of the tumor which consists of non-cancer components such as blood vessels and immune cells. The TME can promote tumor growth and resiliency towards treatment and targeting the TME is an important strategy to increase the efficacy of cancer therapeutics.
• Methods: In order to write this review article, a search was completed in scientific databases PubMed and Google Scholar using the keywords 'Extracellular Vesicles ;Tumor Microenvironment and' Immune Modulation. Then relevant original and review articles published in English were selected. The selected articles were carefully analysed and the key findings and primary mechanisms were identified and qualitatively analysed to form an overall understanding and unified perspective of the role of extracellular vesicles in tumor immune modulation.
• Results: Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) have been documented in various articles to be key facilitators immunosuppression in cancer. The available evidence shows that cancer cell-drived EVs transform immune cells phenotypes toward a pro-tumoral phenotype by transferring molecular 'cargo'. In particular, EVs have been shown to transfer the checkpoint protein PD-L1 to T-cells, where it forms an ectopic 'check point' that inhibits T-cell 'cytokine' activitie. This enables the tumor to grow without constraints, escaping immune surveillance. Furthermore, evidence supports that EVs derived from tumors can also inhibit the activity of natural killer (NK) cells. This data shows that EVs are the predominant means by which a tumor can evade immune mechanisms, as well as defend against immunotherapy.
• Conclusion: All properties of EVs associated with their biological activities make them critical components of the tumor microenvironment and fundamental determinants of the tumor's destiny. These EVs represent major obstacles for immunotherapy by immunosuppressing the patient and inducing resistance to the treatment. At the same time, immunosuppression and treatment resistance also make EVs promising therapeutic tools. EVs can serve as smart delivery systems for targeted therapies with drugs and therapeutic viruses. Ultimately, understanding the biology of EVs would enhance current anticancer treatment strategies by improving their rational design.
• Keywords: Ev-Mediated Immune Modulation_TME_ Extracellular Vesicles in Tumor progression_EVs and anti-tumor