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INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF

CancerGenetics

• Breast cancer metastasis development and the role of oncobiosis and bacterial metabolite signaling

• Nava Moghadasian Niaki,^1,* Gholamreza Zadehnajaf,² Pouria Khodaei Ataloo,³
  1. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences _ East Azarbaijan Board _ Certified Pathologist
  2. Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
  3. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
  
  
  
• Introduction: The most common disease in women and the primary cause of cancer-related mortality for them is breast cancer (BC). BC risk factors include early menarche, late menopause, and prolonged exposure to female hormones from hormone replacement treatment. The term "oncobiome" refers to the microbiome's abnormal adaptation known as "dysbiosis," which is characterized by abnormal microbial composition and function. Multiple neoplasias, including BC, exhibit oncobiosis, and oncobiosis may play a pathogenic role in these cancers. Patients with BC had greater relative abundances of Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus species, according to 16S rRNA analysis. Remarkably, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriaceae family) cause double-stranded DNA breaks in BC cells. Sphingomonas yanoikuyae (S. yanoikuyae) was predominant in the normal surrounding tissue samples, but Methylobacterium radiotolerance was prevalent in tumor tissue, according to bacterial DNA quantification in BC. Additionally, tumor tissue had a far lower concentration of bacterial DNA than the surrounding tissue. The probiotic role of S. yanoikuyae in the breast may be confirmed by its relationship with healthy tissue and its notable decrease in malignant tissue. In BC, the gut microbiota changes oncobiotically. Given the distance between the gut microbiome and the breast tumor, signaling pathways are required to bridge the gap between the two disparate compartments. The oncobiome and tumor tissue are connected via a number of mechanisms. Deconjugating conjugated estrogens is possible in intestinal bacteria that express beta galactosidases (gus and BC genes). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes have altered; however, the gus gene is common in bacteria. β-glucuronidases were shown to be expressed by Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Escherichia, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, Marvinbryantia, Propionibacterium, Roseburia, and Tannerella. Because of its enhanced ability to reactivate estrogens, the oncobiome facilitates their absorption and promotes the development of estrogen-dependent, estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers.
• Methods: Relevant publications from 2014 to 2024 were chosen for this review article after searches of the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. This review was a modest attempt to compile the results of studies on the human microbiome and its connection to BC.
• Results: The human microbiome has emerged as a novel risk factor for BC in recent years. By altering intracellular signals, changes in the gut microbiota—which can be caused by a variety of internal and external factors—might contribute to the spread of cancer. Research has indicated that gut dysbiosis influences the synthesis of estrogen or, through non-estrogen-related processes, such as the generation of metabolites that impact inflammation and the immune system, can influence the development of BC. Thus, the important connection between the microbiome and BC offers a fresh approach to treating the condition.
• Conclusion: The human body depends on the microbiota to stay healthy, and disturbances to it can result in pathobiological alterations, such as BC. The exact function of the microbiome in the development and treatment of BC remains unclear, despite the overwhelming evidence tying the microbiome to the disease. To determine the precise connection between the microbiome and cancer, more research is required. Stated differently, it is necessary to ascertain if dysbiosis is carcinogenic, whether cancer causes changes in the microbiome, or whether dysbiosis can be controlled.
• Keywords: Breast cancer, Dysbiosis, microbiome, Oncobiosis