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INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF

CancerGenetics

• Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Different Populations: The Role of Genetic Ancestry

• Nazanin Zahra Sabouri ,^1,* Arghavan Safari Kasani ,²
  1. Zanjan University of Medical Sciences
  2. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
  
  
  
• Introduction: Cancer is projected to remain the second leading cause of death globally in 2025 and continues to be a major public health concern across countries and populations. Current treatment strategies primarily aim to extend patients’ lifespan, often without addressing the molecular and genetic root causes of the disease. Increasing attention has turned to the role of genetic ancestry and molecular alterations—particularly those affecting primary cilia and associated signalling pathways—in shaping cancer incidence and outcomes. This review investigates how these biological factors contribute to cancer disparities among diverse populations.
• Methods: A thematic synthesis was conducted based on recent literature examining genomic alterations, cilia-related signalling pathways, and proteogenomic approaches in cancer research. Special focus was placed on population-based data describing cancer burden and trends in incidence and mortality rates across age and gender groups.
• Results: Mutations in genes such as PTCH1, SMO, SUFU, KRAS, and members of the HDAC family play a critical role in carcinogenesis, particularly by regulating the structure and function of primary cilia. Overexpression of oncogenes such as PLK1, AURKA, HEF1, and NEK2 has been identified in multiple cancer types. Additionally, the disruption of DNA damage and repair mechanisms is another major contributor to tumor progression. Cilia-related dysfunction has been linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, renal and ovarian cancers, and basal cell carcinoma. Globally, cancer burden shows wide variation by age, sex, and geographical region. Men tend to have higher rates of morbidity and mortality, and over 85% of cases occur in individuals over the age of 50. Notably, leukaemia is the most common cancer in children under 15, and breast cancer remains the leading type among women in East Asia.
• Conclusion: Genetic heritage and molecular changes—including those affecting ciliogenesis and proteomic signalling—are key contributors to disparities in cancer incidence and outcomes among populations. Advancing next-generation targeted therapies and effectively reducing the global cancer burden requires a deeper understanding of these biological factors, supported by integrative proteogenomic analysis.
• Keywords: Primary cilia Cancer disparities Genetic ancestry Ciliogenesis