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  • Postbiotics: A New Horizon in Cancer Prevention and Treatment: From Microbiome Modulation to Targeting Tumor Cells

  • mohamad javad farhangi,1,* Behnam Rafiee,2 Faezeh Sabetbirjandi,3 Mobina Gholam Fakhrabadi,4 Bahman Khameneh Bagheri ,5 Kiarash Ghazvini,6
    1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
    2. Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
    3. Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
    4. fakhrabadimobina246@gmail.com
    5. Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
    6. Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran


  • Introduction: The complex interaction between the microbiome and the host has increasingly emerged as an important determinant of cancer development, progression, and therapeutic response. Microbial dysbiosis can influence inflammation, immune regulation, epithelial barrier integrity, cellular metabolism, and signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis. Although probiotics have attracted considerable attention as microbiome-targeted interventions, the use of live microorganisms may be associated with limitations related to viability, colonization, storage stability, and safety in susceptible populations. Consequently, postbiotics have emerged as promising next-generation microbiome-derived therapeutic agents.
  • Methods: Relevant literature concerning postbiotics, microbiome–cancer interactions, microbial metabolites, and postbiotic-mediated anticancer mechanisms was reviewed. Particular attention was given to bioactive components associated with postbiotic preparations, including short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, exopolysaccharides, cell-wall components, tryptophan-derived metabolites, and other microbial-derived bioactive molecules.
  • Results: Accumulating evidence indicates that postbiotic preparations may exert anticancer effects through multiple complementary mechanisms. At the microbiome level, postbiotics may contribute to restoration of microbial homeostasis, improvement of epithelial barrier function, and attenuation of chronic inflammatory signaling. At the cellular and molecular levels, reported mechanisms include inhibition of tumor-cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, modulation of oxidative stress, regulation of immune responses, and interference with signaling pathways associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Certain postbiotic components may also influence the tumor microenvironment by modulating immune-cell activity and inflammatory pathways. Recent studies further suggest that postbiotics may enhance the efficacy of conventional anticancer strategies, supporting their potential application as adjunctive therapeutic agents.
  • Conclusion: Postbiotics represent a promising bridge between microbiome science and cancer therapeutics. Their ability to exert biological effects without requiring the administration of viable microorganisms may provide important advantages in terms of stability, safety, and therapeutic development. Nevertheless, the field remains predominantly supported by preclinical and in vitro evidence, while variability in postbiotic composition, production methods, dosage, and mechanisms of action remains a major challenge. Standardized preparation methods and well-designed clinical studies are therefore required to establish their efficacy and safety and to facilitate their translation into precision oncology.
  • Keywords: Postbiotics; Cancer; Microbiome; Tumor Microenvironment; Cancer Therapy; Microbial Metabol

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