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  • Epidemiological Analysis of the Frequency of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Head and Neck Masses: A Comparative Study in Selected Carcinoma Subgroups (Sinus, Pharynx, Larynx) in Mashhad

  • Shamimeh Ahmadi,1,* Masoud Youssefi,2 Zahra Mobarezi,3
    1. Student research committee, Mashhad University of medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran
    2. Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
    3. Student research committee, Mashhad University of medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran


  • Introduction: Background and Aim: Head and neck cancers (HNCs) account for more than 660,000 new cases and considerable annual mortality, ranking as the seventh most common malignancy worldwide. They include tumors of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, oral cavity, lips, larynx, and salivary glands. Late diagnosis, high mortality, and treatment-related complications are major concerns. Tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse, and oncogenic viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) are key risk factors. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), EBV and high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) are classified as group 1 human carcinogens. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that EBV/HR-HPV co-infection may contribute to a subset of HNCs and warrants further investigation. Iran is the second-largest country in the Middle East, and Khorasan, located in northeastern Iran, is one of its largest provinces, covering 7.8% of the country’s total area.
  • Methods: This comparative epidemiological study aims to determine the frequency of EBV and HPV infections in selected head and neck carcinoma subgroups (sinus, pharynx, and larynx) in Mashhad, northeastern Iran, using PCR. The possible association between these viruses and the selected cancers in the Iranian population will also be investigated.
  • Results: The results of this study will provide the first comprehensive data on the prevalence and co-infection rates of EBV and HPV in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) specifically in the Mashhad region. We anticipate identifying specific viral loads and genotypes associated with different anatomical sites (sinus, pharynx, larynx). Furthermore, by comparing these findings with clinical and pathological features, we aim to determine whether the presence of these viruses serves as an independent prognostic factor for disease progression in Iranian patients.
  • Conclusion: The findings may clarify the epidemiological role of EBV and HPV in head and neck carcinogenesis in northeastern Iran and provide evidence for prevention, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies.
  • Keywords: Head and neck masses (HNMs); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); human papillomavirus (HPV); Epstein-Barr

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