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  • Transforming Cancer Treatment in the Era of Personalized Medicine: A Comprehensive Review of Targeted Therapies, Immunotherapy, Pharmacogenomics, and Drug Resistance

  • amirhossein jamalzadeh,1,*
    1. university


  • Introduction: Cancer comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases in which genetic and molecular differences among tumors can lead to variable responses to the same treatment. Personalized medicine aims to identify tumor-specific and patient-related characteristics to support more targeted and individualized therapeutic decisions. Targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and pharmacogenomics are key components of this approach. This article reviews their contributions to cancer treatment, while examining drug resistance, clinical challenges, and implementation limitations.
  • Methods: This article presents a narrative review of scientific literature on targeted cancer therapies, immunotherapy, pharmacogenomics, predictive biomarkers, and mechanisms of drug resistance. Evidence concerning molecular testing for treatment selection, variability in patient response, adverse effects, and implementation challenges was considered. To develop a systematic review, a structured database search, explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, article-screening procedures, and a formal study-quality assessment would be required.
  • Results: Scientific evidence indicates that identifying actionable molecular alterations can help guide more effective treatment in selected cancers. Immunotherapy has also produced clinically meaningful outcomes in some patients by enhancing immune responses against tumors; however, responses are not universal and depend on tumor characteristics and the patient's immune status. Pharmacogenomics can help predict drug metabolism and the risk of certain adverse reactions in specific clinical settings. Meanwhile, tumor heterogeneity, acquired mutations, activation of alternative signaling pathways, and the tumor microenvironment are important contributors to therapeutic resistance.
  • Conclusion: Personalized medicine has expanded cancer treatment beyond decisions based primarily on tumor location and histology toward approaches informed by molecular and individual patient characteristics. Targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and pharmacogenomics offer opportunities to improve treatment selection and adverse-effect management. Nevertheless, drug resistance, testing costs, unequal access, and limitations in the available evidence remain significant challenges. Continued progress requires high-quality clinical research, biomarker validation, multidisciplinary decision-making, and careful consideration of patient safety and preferences.
  • Keywords: Personalized medicine; Cancer treatment; Targeted therapy; Immunotherapy;

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