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  • Precision Medicine in Oncology: Molecular Biomarkers and Genomic Strategies for Personalized Cancer Therapy

  • nazanin zahra janmohammadi,1,*
    1. poyandegan


  • Introduction: Cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease characterized by diverse molecular and genetic alterations. Conventional treatment approaches often rely on generalized therapeutic protocols that may not account for individual variability among patients. In recent years, precision medicine has emerged as a transformative strategy in oncology, aiming to tailor cancer diagnosis and treatment based on the molecular and genomic characteristics of each patient. This approach has significantly improved therapeutic decision‑making and clinical outcomes in various malignancies. The present review explores the role of molecular biomarkers and genomic strategies in advancing personalized cancer therapy.
  • Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using major biomedical databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Peer‑reviewed studies, systematic reviews, and clinical guidelines published in recent years were analyzed. The search focused on key terms such as precision oncology, molecular biomarkers, genomic profiling, targeted therapy, and personalized cancer treatment.
  • Results: Current evidence highlights the critical role of molecular biomarkers in guiding targeted cancer therapies. Genetic alterations such as EGFR mutations in lung cancer, HER2 amplification in breast cancer, and KRAS mutations in colorectal cancer have demonstrated significant clinical value in predicting therapeutic response. Advances in next‑generation sequencing technologies have enabled comprehensive genomic profiling of tumors, allowing clinicians to identify actionable mutations and select appropriate targeted therapies. Additionally, emerging biomarkers related to immunotherapy, including PD‑L1 expression and tumor mutational burden, have further expanded the scope of precision oncology. Despite these advances, challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, limited accessibility to genomic testing, and high implementation costs remain important barriers to widespread clinical adoption.
  • Conclusion: Precision medicine represents a paradigm shift in modern oncology by enabling individualized treatment strategies based on molecular and genomic characteristics. Continued progress in biomarker discovery, genomic technologies, and translational research will further strengthen the integration of personalized approaches into routine cancer care, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
  • Keywords: Precision Medicine, Oncology, Molecular Biomarkers, Genomics, Personalized Therapy, Targeted Treatme

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