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  • The Role of Gut Microbiome in Cancer: From Dysbiosis to Non‑Invasive Biomarkers

  • HOOSHANG HOSSEINPOUR,1,*
    1. Department of Biology, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran


  • Introduction: The gut microbiome, as a metabolic and immune organ, plays a key role homeostasis and carcinogenesis. Alterations in its composition and diversity (dysbiosis) are linked to various cancers, including colorectal, and pancreatic cancer. Beneficial bacteria exert protective effects by immunity and producing anti-inflammatory metabolites, while an increase in pro-inflammatory bacteria is associated with chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. This review aims to investigate microbiome alterations in cancer patients and evaluate its potential as a non-invasive biomarker.
  • Methods: This narrative review was conducted through a systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and SID databases studies published between 2015 and 2026 search terms included combinations of "gut microbiome," "cancer, "dysbiosis," and "precision medicine." Articles related to microbiome alterations in cancer patients and its role as a biomarker were selected and analyzed.
  • Results: Metagenomic studies have shown that in patients with aggressive cancer, there is a significant decrease in key beneficial bacteria, including Bifidobacterium (82% reduction) and Faecalibacterium (36% reduction), alongside a marked increase in pro‑inflammatory bacteria such as Bacteroides (88% increase). These changes are associated with impaired intestinal barrier function, increased permeability, and systemic inflammation, creating a favorable environment for tumor progression. Microbiome profiling may serve as a non‑invasive biomarker for early detection and prediction of treatment response.
  • Conclusion: Gut microbiome profiling can be used as a non‑invasive biomarker for early diagnosis, treatment response prediction, and cancer screening. A precision medicine approach based on microbiome modulation (probiotics, prebiotics, FMT) may serve as an adjunct strategy in cancer prevention and treatment. However, further research is needed to identify effective bacterial species and develop standardized modulation methods due to the complexity of host–microbiome interactions.
  • Keywords: Gut Microbiome, Dysbiosis, Colorectal Cancer, Non‑Invasive Biomarker, Precision Medicine

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