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  • An update on application of niosomes for delivering miRNA, siRNA, and anticancer drugs: A review

  • Nadia Keivani,1 Arash Khorrami,2 Maryam Anvari,3 Effat Alizadeh,4,*
    1. Department of Medical Biotechnology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
    2. Medicinal Plants Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
    3. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Türkiye
    4. Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran


  • Introduction: Effective delivery of therapeutic agents to cancer cells remains a major challenge in cancer treatment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are considered potential therapeutic agents because they regulate genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, survival, and drug resistance. However, RNA instability, environmental degradation, negative charge, and limited membrane permeability constrain their therapeutic use. Niosomes, nanodelivery systems based on nonionic surfactants, can overcome some of these limitations by loading and transporting various compounds, providing increased stability, and enabling targeted/controlled release. Among the different types of niosomes, cationic niosomes can enhance the delivery of miRNAs and siRNAs to target cells through electrostatic interactions with RNA molecules. Some studies have also used PEGylation or combined niosomes with other therapeutic agents to enhance stability, cellular targeted delivery, and anticancer effects. Accordingly, in the present study, the application of cationic and modified niosomes for delivering miRNAs, siRNAs, and anticancer agents, and their effects on cancer-related molecular pathways, were investigated and discussed.
  • Methods: In the present study, a comprehensive review of studies on the use of niosomes for the delivery of miRNA, siRNA, and anticancer agents was conducted. Relevant articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using keywords such as “niosomes,” “microRNA,” “miRNA delivery,” “siRNA,” “cancer,” and “gene delivery.”
  • Results: The reviewed studies showed that niosomes can improve the delivery of miRNA, siRNA, and anticancer compounds, thereby enhancing their antitumor effects. Co-delivery of miR-15a and miR-16-1 using PEGylated cationic niosomes reduced Bcl-2 expression and increased apoptosis [1]. Delivery of miR-34a by PEGylated cationic niosomes increased antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects [2]. In another study, co-delivery of miR-33a and gold nanoparticles using PEGylated cationic niosomes increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis and altered the expression of apoptosis-related genes, including BAX and BCL2 [3]. In addition, delivery of siRNA against Mcl-1 together with doxorubicin by cationic niosomes produced a synergistic effect, reducing cell viability, increasing apoptosis, and inhibiting the growth of 3D spheroids [4]. Co-delivery of YC-1 and PX-12 using niosomes further inhibited the HIF-1α pathway, increased apoptosis, and decreased cell viability [5]. Overall, the studies demonstrated that cationic niosomes, both PEGylated and non-PEGylated, can serve as a suitable system for delivering therapeutic compounds and enhancing their anticancer effects.
  • Conclusion: Niosomes can serve as a promising nanocarrier for combination cancer therapy by improving the delivery of miRNA, siRNA, and anticancer agents and enhancing antitumor effects.
  • Keywords: Niosomes, microRNA, siRNA, Cancer, Gene delivery

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